Research in Sports Management and Movement Behavior

The Effect of Basic Gymnastic Exercises in Environments with Different Colors, on Static and Dynamic Balance

Authors

Marzieh Jafari
Rokhsareh Badami
Abstract
The current research aims to compare the effect of basic gymnastic exercises in environments with different colors, on static and dynamic balance. Participants were 40 female students ranging in age from 8 to 10 years, who were classified into three groups: "exercise in the environment with warm colors", "exercise in the environment with cool colors" and "exercise in the environment with compound colors". A pre-test of balance was given to each group in its colored environment. Static and dynamic balance were assessed using the balance subscale of bruininks-oseretsky test of motor proficiency. Then the groups have performed gymnastic exercises in colored environments for 24 sessions, and after 8 weeks, they took the post-test in the same environment. The transfer test was performed in the environment with a neutral color, 48 hours after the post-test. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and ANCOVA tests. The findings showed that the color of the environment had had no effects on the learning and retention of static and dynamic balance.it seems that, the color of learning environment related to type of motor skill.

Keywords

Learning Environment
static balance
dynamic balance
gymnastics
2. Damanpak, S. (2007) The Effect Of focus On The Shot put's Performanc. Master's Thesis. University of Tarbiatmoalem.
1. گالاهو د، اّزمون ج. 1390. درک رشد حرکتی در دوران مختلف زندگی.ترجمه رسول حمایت طلب، احمدرضا موحدی، علیرضا فارسی، جواد فولادیان، نشر علم و حرکت، چاپ اول.
3. Androz T ( 2004). Color therapy. Translated by Golkariyan GH. Tehran: Talayeh Publication.
7. ایتن ی. (1962). هنر رنگ. ترجمه عربعلی شروه (1392). انتشارات یساولی. چاپ دهم.
4. Kristi S. Gaines & Zane D. Curry (2011). The Inclusive Classroom: The Effects of Color on Learning and Behavior. Journal of Family & Consumer Sciences Education, 29(1).
22. مرادی ه، سهرابی م، طاهری ح، (1394) تأثیر رنگ زمینه بر اکتساب و یادداری مهارت پرتاب دارت، پژوهش‌نامۀ مدیریت ورزشی و رفتار حرکتی، شماره22، ص 78-69.
5. Aves, M., & Aves, J. (1994). Interior designers’ showcase of color. Gloucester, MA: Rockport Distributed by AIA Press.
23. قطبی م؛ فارسی ع؛ عبدلی ب. (1393). اثر رنگ‌های سرد و گرم بر ادراک عمق ورزشکاران رشته‌های توپی و غیر توپی. نشریه رفتار حرکتی، شماره 17، ص 43 –54.
6. Sevinc Kurt & Kelechi Kingsley Osueke (2014). The Effects of Color on the Moods of College Students. Journal of SAGE Open.
24. طهماسبی بروجنی ش، مؤمنی س (1393). کاهش خطای ادراک عمق در نتیجه‌ی تغییر رنگ توپ بدمینتون در شرایط خستگی. نشریه رفتار حرکتی، شماره 15، ص101-112.
8. Wright, A. (2008). How it works. Retrieved from http://www. colour-affects.co.uk/how-it-works.
25. خواجوی راوری ا؛ فرخی ا؛ عباسقلی پور ا؛ کارشناس نجف آبادی ن ؛ سهیلی پور س. (1392) تأثیر انواع رنگ محیطی بر زمان واکنش ساده به محرک‌ شنیداری، نشریه رشد و یادگیری حرکتی- ورزشی، شماره 13، ص 27-40
9. Wright, A. (1998). Beginner’s guide to color psychology. London,England: Color Affects.
27. وارد ف. (1997). آموزش مهارت‌های بنیادین حرکتی. ترجمه زهرا اینچه درگاهی، (1393). انتشارات تهران: ورزش.
10. Eiseman, L. (2006). Color: Messages and meanings—A Pantone color resource. Gloucester, MA: Hand Books Press Distributed by North Light Books.
28. راجی پ. (1391) آزمون‌های عملکردی تعادل. نشریه شنوایی شناسی ، شماره 4.
11. Elliot, A. J., Maier, M. A., Moller, A. C., Friedman, R., & Meinhardt, J. (2007). Color and psychological functioning: The effect of red on performance in achievement contexts. Journal of Experimental Psychology. General, 136, 154–168. doi:10.1037/0096-3445.136.1.154
33. اشمیت ر. (1941). یادگیری حرکتی و اجرا از اصول تا تمرین. ترجمه مهدی نمازی‌زاده، محمد کاظم واعظ موسوی (1387) انتشارات وزارت فرهنگ و ارشاد اسلامی، چاپ یازدهم
12. Maier, M. A., Elliot, A. J., & Lichtenfeld, S. (2008). Mediation of the negative effect of red on intellectual performance. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 34, 1530–1540. doi:10.1177/0146167208323104.
13. Zhang, T., & Han, B. (2014). Experience reverses the red effect among Chinese stockbrokers. PLoS One, 9, e89193.
14. Mehta, R., & Zhu, R. J. (2009). Blue or red? Exploring the effect of color on cognitive task performance. Science, 323, 1226–1229. doi:10.1126/science.1169144
15. Lichtenfeld, S., Elliot, A. J., Maier, M. A., & Pekrun, R. (2012). Fertile green: Green facilitates creative performance. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 38, 784–797.
16. Farrelly, D., Slater, R., Elliott, H. R., Walden, H. R., & Wetherell, M. A. (2013). Competitors who choose to be red have higher testosterone levels. Psychological Science, 24, 2122-4.
17. Dreiskaemper, D., Strauss, B., Hagemann, N., & Büsch, D. (2013). Influence of red jersey color on physical parameters in combat sports. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 35,44-9.
18. Krenn, B. (2014). The impact of uniform color on judging tackles in association football. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 15, 222-225.
19. Moller C Arlen & Meinhardt , J. (2007). Color and psychological functioning: The effect of red on performance attainment. Journal of Experimental Psychology General. Impact Factor: 5.5 • DOI: 10.1037/0096-3445.136.1.154.
20. Ayash A. T.Kane. Smith D. Armytage P.(2015). The influence of color on student emotion; heart rate; and performance in learning environments.
21. Cajochen, C., Zeitzer, J. M., Czeisler, C. A., & Dijk, D.-J. (2005). Dose-response relationship for light intensity and ocular and electroencephalographic correlates of human alertness. Behavioural Brain Research, 115(1), 75-83.
26. Brooker,A & Franklin,A. (2015). The effect of colour on children’s cognitive performance. British Journal of Educational Psychology.
29. Rutchick, A. M., Slepian, M. L., & Ferris, B. D. (2010). The pen is mightier than the word: Object priming of evaluative standards. European Journal of Social Psychology, 40, 704–708. doi:10.1002/ejsp.753
30. Elliot, A. J., & Aarts, H. (2011). Perception of the color red enhances the force and velocity of motor output. Emotion, 11, 445–449. doi:10.1037/a0022599
31. Kuller, R., Mikellides, B., & Janssens, J. (2009). Color, arousal, and performance – A comparison of three experiments. Color Research and Application, 34, 141–152. doi:10.1002/col.20476
32. Larsson, E. E., & von Stumm, S. (2015). Seeing red? The effect of colour on intelligence test performance. Intelligence, 48, 133–136. doi:10.1016/j.intell.2014.11.007
34. Thapan, K., Arendt, J., & Skene, D. J. (2001). An action spectrum for melatonin suppression: evidence for a novel non-rod, non-cone photoreceptor system in humans. The Journal of physiology, 535(1), 261-267.
35. De Bortoli, M., & Maroto, J. (2001). Colors across culture: Translating colors in interactive marketing communications. In R. Russow & D. Barbereau (Eds.), Elicit 2001: Proceedings of the European Languages and the Implementation of Communication and Information Technologies (Elicit)conference (pp. 3-4). UK: Paisley University Language Press.
36. Smith, J. M., Bell. P. A., & Fusco, M. E. (1987). The influence of color and demand characteristics on muscle strength and affective ratings of the environment. The Journal of General Psychology, 113, 289–297.
37. Morton, J. (1995). Color Matters. Retrieved from http://www.colormatters.com.