Research in Sports Management and Movement Behavior

Impact Of Explicit And Implicit Learning Methods On The Anticipation Of Volleyball Hammer Service In Time Under Peripheral Fatigue

Document Type : Scientific-Research

Authors

Motahare Sadat Fanian
Rasoul Yaali
Farhade Ghadiri

Department of Motor Behavior, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Kharazmi University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.

10.22034/jrsm.2026.6979
Abstract
Background and Aim: Accurate anticipation of the opponent’s serve in volleyball, particularly under fatigue, is crucial for successful performance. Different instructional approaches, such as analogy learning and explicit learning, have been proposed to enhance anticipatory skills. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of analogy and explicit learning methods on volleyball serve anticipation under fatigue.
Methods:In this quasi-experimental study, 40 female students aged 18–24 years were selected using convenience sampling and randomly assigned to four groups: explicit learning–nonfatigued, explicit learning–fatigued, analogy learning–nonfatigued, and analogy learning–fatigued. The analogy learning groups practiced the overhand (hammer) serve using a skill-simulation (analogy) approach, whereas the explicit learning groups were instructed using a traditional, technique-focused method. Fatigue was induced using the Lyons protocol. Anticipation accuracy and response time were recorded via SuperLab software. Data were analyzed using two-way analysis of variance.
Results: The main effects of fatigue, practice type, and the fatigue × practice interaction on anticipation speed in correct trials, as well as on anticipation speed in incorrect trials, were not statistically significant. However, the fatigue × practice interaction effect on anticipation accuracy in correct trials (p=0/002)and the main effect of practice type on anticipation accuracy in incorrect trials (P=0/019)were statistically significant.
Conclusion: The impact of fatigue on anticipation accuracy appears to depend on the adopted learning method. Analogy learning may help maintain the accuracy of volleyball serve anticipation under fatigued conditions more effectively than explicit learning.

Keywords

Analogy learning
explicit learning
Exhaustion
Verbal instruction
Subjects
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  • Receive Date 05 February 2026
  • Revise Date 16 May 2026
  • Accept Date 06 June 2026
  • Publish Date 01 July 2026